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for more information click on this link    engineering Quantity Of Materials Required For Concrete Work The Following are the Quantity Of Materials Required for the Concrete Works Of Different Types  1) P.C.C. With Graded Stone Chips ===> For 10 cu.m. Of Plane Cement Concrete Work with Graded Stone Chips For M10 Grade :- Cement @ 1.54 cu.m or 45 Bags Sand @ 4.62 cu.m or 133 Bags Stone Chips @ 9.24 cu.m. or 266 Bags. For M15 Grade :- Cement @ 2.2 cu.m or 65 Bags Sand @ 4.4 cu.m or 127 Bags Stone Chips @ 8.8 cu.m. or 254 Bags. For M20 Grade :- Cement @ 2.8 cu.m or 81 Bags Sand @ 4.2 cu.m or 121 Bags Stone Chips @ 8.4 cu.m. or 242 Bags. For M25 Grade :- Cement @ 3.85 cu.m or 111 Bags Sand @ 3.85 cu.m or 111 Bags Stone Chips @ 7.7 cu.m. or 222 Bags. 2) P.C.C. With Brick Ballast or Brick Chips ===> For 10 cu.m. Of Plane Cement Concrete Work with Brick Ballast For M5 Grade :- Cement @ 1.00 cu.m or 29 Bags Sand @ 5.00 cu.m or 144 B

Application Of GPS In Civil Engineering     What is GPS? The Term GPS stands for Global Positioning System. The GPS is used to locate a location with the help of Latitude and Departure. with the help of GPS it's possible to locate a point very precisely. GPS consist Of two main ends, the one is the Locating Sattelites and the other is the Receiver. Most of the people now a days are familier with GPS due to the huge use of Smart Phones. The Global Positioning System was first evoled for the Defence of Countries, and it's controlled from the California. It was used for locating various places which are important from the Defence point of view. Later on it was opened for public use. But the Same GPS System with more Powerful receivers it can be used in the Civil Engineering Field. How GPS Works ? A point is located with the 18 sattelites which are orbiting around the Earth, 22,000 km above the suface of the Earth, these sattelites are orbiting in 6 orbits,

Tests on Bitumen Experience in using  bitumen  in  engineering projects  has led to the adoption of certain test procedures that are indicative of the characteristics that identify adequate performance levels. Some of the tests have evolved with the development of the industry and are empirical methods. Consequently it is essential that they are carried out in strict compliance with the recommended procedures if they are to be accurate  measurements  of the bitumen's properties. 1. Penetration Test 2. Flash Point Test 3. Solubility Test 4. Ductility Test 5. Viscosity Test Test 1. Penetration Test  on Bitumen The  penetration test  is one of the oldest and most commonly used tests on asphalt cements or residues from distillation of asphalt cutbacks or emulsions. The standardized procedure for this test can be found in ASTM D5 [ASTM, 2001]. It is an empirical test that measures the consistency ( hardness ) of an asphalt at a specified test condition. Procedure of Pen

Coal tar is a thick black liquid that's a byproduct of coke production. As an extra product of the cause of action (COA) process that results in the production of coke, this liquid is a versatile product in its own right. There are actually quite a few uses for this viscous liquid, ranging from building and home repair all the way to medical treatments. When it comes to building projects, this material can be used for roofing jobs as a sealant underneath shingles. It is also an ideal way to seal pitches in the roof, providing a water tight seal for all angles of the roof line. In addition to the sealing agents, coal tar also works as an insulating agent, working with the wall insulation to help maintain a comfortable temperature inside the building, regardless of the outside weather. There are also a number of exterior paints that use this material in their finished product. The substance provides an excellent sealed surface once it dries in place; the paint is much less like

Asphalt Binder Modifiers Some asphalt cements require modification in order to meet specifications.  Asphalt cement modification has been practiced for over 50 years but has received added attention in the past decade or so.  The added attention can be attributed to the following factors (Roberts et al., 1996): Increased demand on HMA pavements .  Traffic volume, loads and tire pressures have increased substantially in recent years, which can cause increased rutting and cracking.  Many modifiers can improve the asphalt binder's stiffness at normal service temperatures to increase  rut  resistance, while decreasing its stiffness at low temperatures to improve its resistance tothermal cracking. Superpave asphalt binder specifications .  Superpave asphalt binder specifications developed in the 1990s require asphalt binders to meet stiffness requirements at both high and low temperatures.  In regions with extreme climatic conditions this is not possible without asphalt bind

PORTLAND CEMENT-->> Portland cement is the chief ingredient in cement paste - the binding agent in portland cement concrete (PCC).  It is a hydraulic cement that, when combined with water,  hardens into a solid mass.  Interspersed in an aggregate matrix it forms PCC.  As a material, portland cement has been used for well over 175 years and, from an empirical perspective, its behavior is well-understood.  Chemically, however, portland cement is a complex substance whose mechanisms and interactions have yet to be fully defined.  ASTM C 125 and the Portland Cement Association (PCA) provide the following precise definitions: hydraulic cement An inorganic material or a mixture of inorganic materials that sets and develops strength by chemical reaction with water by formation of hydrates and is capable of doing so under watER portland cement A hydraulic cement composed primarily of hydraulic calcium silicates. Manufacturing Although there are several variations of comme

 ASPHALT asphalt A dark brown to black cementitious material in which the predominating constituents are bitumens, which occur in nature or are obtained in petroleum processing. asphalt cement A fluxed or unfluxed asphalt specially prepared as to quality and consistency for direct use in the manufacture of bituminous pavements, and having a penetration at 25 °  C (77 °  F) of between 5 and 300, under a load of 100 grams applied for 5 seconds. bitumen A class of black or dark-colored (solid, semi-solid or viscous) cementitious substances, natural or manufactured, composed principally of high molecular weight hydrocarbons, of which asphalts, tars, pitches, and asphaltenes are typical. flux A bituminous material, generally liquid, used for softening other bituminous materials. This section uses the generic term, "asphalt binder", to represent the principal binding agent in HMA.  "Asphalt binder" includes asphalt cement as well as any material added to

Determinacy, Indeterminacy and Stability of Frames : Structural engineers must be able to apply judgment rather than stated rules. The most important aspect of structural design is not the ability to apply formulas or manipulate mathematics. The most important skill for the structural engineer is to be able to stand back, look at a drawing or sketch and determine whether a structure is stable, and if it is stable, to be able to determine how it will carry the applied loads. For a very complicated structure this might be more difficult and a computer can provide some help, but ultimately it is the skill and concern of a good structural engineer which produces good structural designs which have integrity. Another important closely related skill is the ability to determine whether, and to what degree, a structure is statically indeterminate. There really aren’t  many rules and rules may be difficult to apply in any case. For this reason, we need experience. A skilled structural eng

                                           Structure analysis is a field of engineering dealing with the analysis and design of structures that support or resist loads economically. Structural engineering is usually considered a specialty within civil engineering, but it can also be studied in its own right. Structural engineers are most commonly involved in the design of buildings and large nonbuilding structures   but they can also be involved in the design of machinery, medical equipment, vehicles or any item where structural integrity affects the item’s function or safety. Structural engineers must ensure their designs satisfy given design criteria, predicated on safety (e.g. structures must not collapse without due warning) or serviceability and performance (e.g. building sway must not cause discomfort to the occupants). Structural engineering theory is based upon physical laws and empirical knowledge of the structural performance of different geometries and materials.

                                                                                                                           Modified-Queen-Scissors                                                          Baby Barn and Shed Trusses                                                                        floor truss                                                                   attic-common truss                                                                      

Types of arches With reference to the earlier post on arches, this one defines the various types of arches. Arches are constructed in four basic shapes that frame and support doors, windows, porches, and other wall openings: Flat arch Triangular arch Round arch Pointed arch Flat arch An arch having a horizontal intrados with voissoirs radiating from a centre below, often built with a slight camber to allow settling is called a flat or jack arch. French arch:  A flat arch with voissoirs inclined to the same angle at each side of the center. The mortar joints do not, therefore, radiate to a common centre. Not, technically, a proper arch, and of weak form. Triangular arch It is a primitive form of arch consisting of two stones laid diagonally to support each other over an opening. Hence, the span is limited by the size of the available material. Corbel arch:  A false arch formed by corbelling courses from each side of an opening until they meet at a mi