===>> PRINCIPLE OF BRIDGE LOCATION<<=== ==>>> The basic principle for locating highway bridges is that the highway location should determine the bridge location, not the reverse. When the bridge is located first, in most cases the resulting highway alignment is not the best. The general procedure for most highways, therefore, is to first determine the best highway location and then determine the bridge site. In some cases, this will result in skewed bridges, which are more expensive to construct, or in locations where foundation problems exist. When serious problems of this nature occur, all factors such as highway alignments, construction costs of the bridge deck and its foundation, and construction costs of bridge approaches should be considered in order to determine a compromise route alignment that will give a suitable bridge site. This will include completing the transportation planning process and the economic evaluation of the benefits an
AUTO CAD==>> Automatic Computer Aided Design It is useful for building construction to draw 3D view of buildings parts in computer... AutoCAD 2010 allows the use of over 300 tools . Some operators prefer using the word “ commands ” , although command as an alternative to tool is not in common use today. The abbreviations for tools which can be abbreviated are included in brackets after the tool name. Tool names can be entered in upper or lower case. 2D and 3D both work can be done in AUTOCAD 2D TOOLS USED IN AUTO CAD==>> About – Brings the About AutoCAD bitmap on screen Appload – Brings the Load/Unload Applications dialog to screen Adcenter (dc) – Brings the DesignCenter palette on screen Align (al) – Aligns objects between chosen points Arc (a) – Creates an arc Area – States in square units the area selected from a number of points Array (ar) – Creates Rectangular or Polar arrays in 2D Ase – Brings the dbConnect Manager on screen Attdef – Brings