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===>> PRINCIPLE OF BRIDGE LOCATION<<=== ==>>> The basic principle for locating highway bridges is that the highway location should determine the bridge location, not the reverse. When the bridge is located first, in most cases the resulting highway alignment is not the best. The general procedure for most highways, therefore, is to first determine the best highway location and then determine the bridge site. In some cases, this will result in skewed bridges, which are more expensive to construct, or in locations where foundation problems exist. When serious problems of this nature occur, all factors such as highway alignments, construction costs of the bridge deck and its foundation, and construction costs of bridge approaches should be considered in order to determine a compromise route alignment that will give a suitable bridge site. This will include completing the transportation planning process an...

AUTO CAD==>>  Automatic Computer Aided Design It is useful for building construction to draw 3D view of buildings parts in computer... AutoCAD 2010 allows the use of over 300 tools . Some operators prefer using the word “ commands ” , although command as an alternative to tool is not in common use today. The abbreviations for tools which can be abbreviated are included in brackets after the tool name. Tool names can be entered in upper or lower case. 2D and 3D both work can be done in AUTOCAD 2D TOOLS USED IN AUTO CAD==>> About – Brings the About AutoCAD bitmap on screen Appload – Brings the Load/Unload Applications dialog to screen Adcenter (dc) – Brings the DesignCenter palette on screen Align (al) – Aligns objects between chosen points Arc (a) – Creates an arc Area – States in square units the area selected from a number of points Array (ar) – Creates Rectangular or Polar arrays in 2D Ase – Brings the dbConnect Manager on...

                                        ==>> MOMENT DISTRIBUTION METHOD                                                                          OR                                                     [HARDY -CROSS METHOD]                                                                          OR                           ...

How do bridge's work? ??? Although there are many types of bridges most bridges work by balancing compression and tension. Place a flexible object like an eraser, sponge, or small  piece of bread between your thumb and index finger. Press your fingers together. One side of  the object will bend inwards and shorten while the other will bend outwards and lengthen.  The shorter side has been compressed, while the other side is under tension . Bridge components experience these tension and compression stresses ARCH BRIDGE ==>> Arch bridge are structures in which each span forms an arch. The arch bridge is one of the oldest types of bridges. Early arch bridges were made from stone. The spans range up to about 1700 ft. GIRDER BRIDGES ==>> Girder bridges are made of beams called girders. The ends of the beams or girders rest on piers or abutments. The span length of girder bridges ranges up to about 1000 ft. TRUSS BRIDG...

Download Ebooks from Here==>> ==>> STRENGTH OF MATERIAL BY R K BANSAL ==>> Fundamental_of_surveying_By_KZS ==>> Foundation_Engineering_By_Punmiya ==>> STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS ==>> Engineering_Surveying ==>> Geotechnical-Engineering

If you're among those eagerly awaiting a working invisibility cloak, get ready to be jealous. A South Korean skyscraper may get one before we humble (and highly visible) humans do. International architectural firm GDS Architectsreports that it's received a construction permit to begin building "the world's first invisible tower." The Tower Infinity will stand 450 meters (1,476 feet) and be situated in Cheongna, near the Incheon Airport just outside of Seoul. Like  other concepts for invisibility cloaks  that have tantalized the geeky imagination, this one relies on optical illusion. The glass-encased Tower Infinity, also called City Tower, will be fitted with a high-tech LED facade that integrates projectors and 18 strategically placed weatherproof optical cameras. The cams will snap real-time pictures of the area directly behind the building, digitally stitch the images into a panorama, and project them back onto the building's refle...

 Reinforced Cement Concrete : Advantages of RCC RCC (Reinforced Cement Concrete) RCC (Reinforced Cement Concrete) is the combination of using steel and concrete instead of using only concrete to offset some limitations. Concrete is weak in tensile stress with compared to its compressive stress. To offset this limitation, steel reinforcement is used in the concrete at the place where the section is subjected to tensile stress. Steel is very strong in tensile stress. The reinforcement is usually round in shape with approximate surface deformation is placed in the form in advance of the concrete. When the reinforcement is surrounded by the hardened concrete mass, it form an integral part of the member. The resultant combination of two materials are known as reinforced concrete. In this case the cross-sectional area of the beam or other flexural member is greatly reduced. Advantages of RCC Nowadays, RCC is used in most of the structures. The advantages o...